RESOURCE BASE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS: SPECIFICS OF FORMATION AND INFLUENCING FACTORS

Abstract

The scientific article presents a detailed theoretical and applied study of the resource base of commercial banks as a determining element of ensuring their stable functioning, liquidity, solvency and profitability. The economic essence of the concept of "bank resource base" as a set of own, attracted and borrowed funds at the disposal of a banking institution and used to carry out active operations and generate income is revealed in depth. Scientific approaches to the classification of bank resources by sources of formation, terms of attraction, cost and level of stability are generalized and systematized. The structure of the resource base of commercial banks is studied in detail, in particular the role of equity as the financial basis of activity and a guarantee of the bank's reliability, as well as the importance of attracted resources, primarily deposits of individuals and legal entities, as the main source of resource potential formation. The features of borrowed resources are revealed, including interbank loans, central bank funds and other financial market instruments used to maintain liquidity and expand active operations. The relationship between the structure of the resource base and the efficiency of banking activities, the level of risks and the financial stability of banks is substantiated. Considerable attention is paid to the specifics of the formation of the resource base in modern conditions of the development of the banking sector, which are characterized by a high level of uncertainty, the influence of global economic processes, increased regulatory requirements and the transformation of financial services under the influence of digitalization. The key factors influencing the formation of banking resources are identified and analyzed, which are grouped into internal (effectiveness of asset and liability management, bank development strategy, level of capitalization, business reputation, quality of banking products and services, innovative activity) and external (state of the macroeconomic environment, level of inflation, monetary policy of the state, stability of the financial system, competitive environment, level of trust of the population and business in banks, development of the stock market). The article also identifies current problems in the formation of the resource base of commercial banks, including the instability of deposit receipts, the predominance of short-term resources, the high cost of raising funds, the limited availability of long-term financing, and the increased level of risks in crisis conditions. The impact of these problems on the activities of banks and their ability to provide effective lending to the economy is assessed. Based on the research, directions for improving the formation of the resource base of commercial banks are substantiated, which include optimizing the structure of resources by terms and sources, diversifying channels for raising funds, increasing customer confidence in the banking system, introducing innovative financial instruments and digital technologies, and improving state regulation of banking activities.