WORLD EXPERIENCE IN FORMING CUSTOMS POLICY AS A COMPONENT OF A COUNTRY’S FOREIGN POLICY
Abstract
The article examines international experience in shaping customs policy as an important instrument of foreign economic policy with particular emphasis on its relevance for Ukraine. The study analyzes the transformation of customs policy instruments under the influence of globalization, digitalization of international trade procedures, geopolitical instability and wartime disruptions affecting global supply chains and international economic relations. The empirical part of the research is based on international trade and macroeconomic statistics for the period 2015–2024. The methodological framework combines graphical analysis using scatter plots with a multiple linear regression model aimed at evaluating the influence of exports, imports and tariff rates on GDP dynamics. This approach allows identification of the relative contribution of key trade variables and assessment of the explanatory power of tariff instruments within the context of contemporary economic development. The study also includes a comparative analysis of customs policy reforms implemented in major global economies, including the European Union, the United States, China and Canada. These cases illustrate different approaches to customs modernization, such as digital customs platforms, trade facilitation measures and risk-based control systems aimed at improving efficiency and transparency of customs administration. The econometric results indicate that imports represent the dominant factor influencing GDP dynamics, reflecting the structural importance of imported technologies, intermediate goods and capital equipment for economic development. At the same time tariff rates do not demonstrate statistically significant explanatory power, which supports the need to reorient customs policy priorities toward trade facilitation, digitalization of procedures and institutional modernization. The findings underscore the necessity for Ukraine to align its customs policy framework with modern international standards to enhance competitiveness and integration into global value chains.
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